FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 FY2024
ROS (%) 4.6 4.2 5.0 6.0 4.6 6.8
ROIC (%) * 7.3 5.6 7.4 6.9 5.9 9.1
ROE (%) 7.5 5.6 7.7 7.2 6.0 9.3

* (Profit for the year attributable to owners of the parent + Interest expense (excluding Financial services business)) / Invested capital (Equity attributable to owners of the parent + Interest-bearing liabilities (excluding Financial services business). Invested capital is calculated using the average of the beginning and end of the period